Helensvale House with Borehole For Sale and Title Deeds

Checking a physical paper deed is no longer sufficient to prevent property fraud. The government has enacted Statutory Instrument 76 of 2025, which mandates the digitization and validation of all paper title deeds. Unvalidated paper deeds are a massive security risk.

Before paying a single dollar in deposit, your appointed conveyancer must run a digital Deeds Office search to confirm the seller’s deed has been validated against the new securitized registry. This search also flags if the property has a hidden bank mortgage, a caveat, or a legal dispute registered against it. If a seller resists an independent Deeds search or claims the original deed is "locked away in the diaspora," walk away immediately.

While local USD mortgages are available through banks like CABS, Stanbic, and FBC, they carry severe operational friction. Interest rates sit at a punishing 8% to 14% per annum, loan-to-value ratios rarely exceed 70%, and the approval process can drag on for months.

Because of this, the Zimbabwean residential market is heavily dominated by cash transactions (Nostro transfers or hard USD). If you submit an offer "Subject to Bond" without a stamped bank pre-approval letter, top-tier agents and sellers will reject it instantly in favor of a cash buyer. If you require a mortgage, secure your bank financing before you start viewing properties.

No. Zimbabwe operates strictly on a voetstoots (as-is) basis. There is no mandatory seller disclosure law. Once the transfer registers, every physical defect and unapproved alteration becomes your financial problem.

You must conduct two forms of due diligence before signing an Offer to Purchase. First, hire an independent building inspector to check the roof, electrical DB boards, and borehole infrastructure. Second, demand to see the City of Harare approved building plans and the current municipal rates statement. If the seller built a cottage without council approval, or owes $5,000 in unpaid water bills, the council will block the Rates Clearance Certificate, paralyzing the transfer process.

Your deposit and the balance of the purchase price must never be paid directly to the seller or the real estate agent's operating account. All capital must be paid into the registering conveyancing lawyer's audited Trust Account.

If the seller has an existing mortgage on the property, the Deeds Office will not allow the transfer. Your conveyancer uses the funds in their trust account to request a "cancellation figure" from the seller's bank, pays off the seller's debt, and only releases the remaining profit to the seller after the property is successfully registered in your name. This escrow process is your ultimate protection against capital loss.

The most secure form of property ownership in Zimbabwe is a registered Deed of Transfer (or Deed of Grant) recorded at the Deeds Office. That said, the rules around title deeds are currently evolving. Under Statutory Instrument (SI) 76 of 2025, all traditional paper title deeds must undergo compulsory digital validation. Before you buy, your conveyancer should now verify that the seller’s paper deed has been validated or converted to a secure digital deed, to guard against forged-document fraud.

Understanding cession: In many new cluster developments and high-density stands, the property is sold under a “cession” arrangement. Here, the developer or local council holds the master Title Deed, and you hold a contractual right to the property rather than direct title. Because you don’t yet own the land, cession is widely seen as riskier than a registered title deed — and in some cases it can be. For example, if the developer becomes insolvent or has used the master deed as loan collateral, your interest could be exposed.

However, not every cession transaction is high-risk, and they don’t need to be ruled out. Many legitimate, well-run developments use cession structures while subdivision and individual title issuance are being finalised. The key is to apply the same level of due diligence you would in a standard title deed purchase. Have a conveyancer review the developer’s master title, confirm that the necessary subdivision permits are in place, and check that the master deed is free of unexpected encumbrances. With those steps, a cession purchase can be just as considered and secure as any other property transaction.

Under the Regional, Town and Country Planning Act, a property’s zoning dictates its maximum yield, but the real market value is driven by commercial conversion potential and densification.

Commercial Conversions: Suburbs bordering the CBD (such as Eastlea, Milton Park, and Belvedere) command massive premiums because residential properties are being converted to commercial offices. However, operating a business on a residentially zoned stand without applying for "Special Consent" or a formal rezoning permit from the City of Harare is illegal. The council can issue enforcement orders forcing you to shut down. Do not pay a "commercial premium" for a residential property unless the agent can provide the approved commercial use permit.

Cluster Densification: In northern suburbs (Borrowdale, Highlands), large low-density stands are being bought for cluster housing. A seller cannot simply carve off a piece of their garden and sell it to you. A legal subdivision requires a Dispensation Certificate and a Certificate of Registered Title. If you buy an "unapproved subdivision," you will not be able to get a Title Deed or build legally.